Comparisons have been made of late between contemporary United States and the rise of Nazi Germany. As I am currently studying that era, I figured I would share remembrances from those who were actually there. I’m not trying to make a value judgment, just passing along quotes that somehow seem applicable to the times. All quotes are taken from How Democracy Failed, published in 1975, so no comparisons are attempted from the book’s author to today’s events.
“People knew that there was a sort of Hitler underground,
that kids were being indoctrinated, that democratic teachers were getting
fired, that the Nazis were better organized than the newspapers ever told us.
And there was a quality of political anger.”
“Of course, hate didn’t really explode suddenly in 1930.
Hate for Jews, for ‘traitors”, for the liberal press (which as the bearer of
bad news was often regarded as the cause of all the disasters), and for
politicians who seemed to promise a better life but couldn’t deliver even a few
more jobs, had been smoldering in Germany ever since the end of World War I.”
“Students graduated from college into a world that had no
place for them. After working hard to get into the university and then spending
many years cramming for tough, ever-recurring competitive examinations, many of
these students felt betrayed by their country, as did the thousands of shopkeepers
whose businesses failed.”
“By reinforcing all the prejudices of the men whom life had
apparently failed, telling them that their inability to find work, to lead a
decent life, to support their families, was a planned plot by their old enemies,
the liberals, the Jews and the scheming politicians, the Nazi party added
thousands of new, fighting mad members to its ranks every month.”
“Few realized that the whole world, America included, was
going through a depression. They thought that their country had been singled
out for misery by “those foreigners”, who were, of course, becoming rich
through Germany’s poverty.
On reading over German papers for the months of June, July,
and August, it becomes obvious that the vast majority of political reporters,
columnists and editors still considered Hitler and his band of conspicuous
followers a very minor menace. There were about thirty daily papers in Berlin,
and only those that were specifically oriented toward the Nazi party predicted
any significant gains in Hitler’s parliamentary delegation.
Hitler attempted to be all things to all men. To a group of
students he could appear as a moderate, rather mild politician. In public he
preferred to be seen as a gentle man, who loved children and cared so much for
animals that he became a vegetarian. His speeches were often so irrational that
politicians flatly refused to take him seriously.
By 1933—still appearing to an objective observer to be an
irrational, spiteful, rather unintelligent and uneducated little man—he had
become one of the most powerful rulers in history. A lost war, a disastrous
inflation, disorder and crime, and many lost German illusions had helped to put
him in power. But so had some other rather special German problems: an educational system that emphasized obedience over independent thought; a series
of orators who taught the public to distrust a free press; an overwhelming
longing for order and stability, even at the expense of freedom and justice.
There were those who had always believed that freedom leads
to license, that patriotism means an uncritical attitude toward the state, and
finally, that the leadership of that state should not be subjected to public
scrutiny.
Usually, the distrust produced indifference. Most Germans
simply didn’t want to become involved. They considered all politicians as
corrupt or corruptible, newspapers as biased, political speeches as empty
promises…
Hilda, of course, didn’t understand that Hitler, himself,
was well aware of the drama that the fights created, and that they got for him
much needed free space in the press. Hitler was also aware of the distrust of
politics and government by most Germans, like Hilda’s parents…
He (Hitler) had come to the simple conclusion that a speech
would be remembered more vividly if accompanied by violence. He therefore
welcomed violent interruptions, because they gave his bodyguards an excuse to
wade through the crowd and engage in savage fighting.”
If the average German was disgusted with the fighting and
chaos, Hitler was getting his name in the papers, and his followers were proud
of him.
Early in his career, Hitler had learned that his audiences
were not interested in closely reasoned ideas. What they liked was pounding
repetition : the same attacks against the liberals, the Jews, the press and the
pacifists, using the same frightening and passionate phrases, with the same
promises of a great and bright future.
“One man, who looked like a student, asked at the meeting I
attended why the Communists and the international bankers were working
together,” a man who is now a banker reported. “That seemed like a fairly
intelligent question to me, but one of Hitler’s guards just walked up to him
and hit him in the mouth.”